Workplace Violence Prevention and Management Program

Workplace Violence Prevention and Management Program Recent events in Hawaii have made both employers and employees more aware of workplace violence and they are getting more concerned regarding their personal safety. The Xerox shooting and the Sheraton stabbing are good examples of such violent episodes. Both incidences exhibited prior evidence of violence in the workplace; and if proper intervention by management was initiated, these tragedies could have been prevented. Therefore, employers need a good workplace violence program to protect their employees as well as their customers. Tripler Army Medical Center is implementing such a workplace violence program. The purpose of the program is to protect the hospital s employees,†¦show more content†¦Patients on the list are escorted to their appointments while on the Tripler campus and, if violence incidents continue, are permanently bared from further treatment. Violence is not only segregated in the areas that service patients with psychological problems. Violence can happen anytime and is very unpredictable. The staff has been trained to remove loose objects, such as glass bowls, potted plants, and ashtrays from counter tops were pa tients and visitors are seen. These loose objects can become potential weapons in the hands of a violent individual. Healthcare personnel are at enormous risk from violence as aggravated patients and visitors seeking care and information will take their frustration on hospital staff. Another area of concern for the staff is the pediatric clinic. The Department of Veteran Affairs has built a new outpatient clinic adjacent to the clinic. The placement of these two clinics, right next to each other, makes this situation a potentially hazardous one. Identifying the risk through risk management and violence training has given the staff skills to foresee the possible problems that might occur by placing these two clinics so close together. Training drills and alerts have been conducted to familiarize staff with the procedures developed to prevent violence. Hopefully, the concerns are brought out in the open and acknowledged by the entire staff; therefore, any foreseeable problems wi ll be prevented with noShow MoreRelatedGuidelines For Preventing Workplace Violence Essay1742 Words   |  7 PagesWorkplace violence is a serious and growing issue in society. Employers need to develop intervention strategies to decrease reduce violence in the workplace. Also, employers and employees need to be aware of the signs when people exhibit behaviors that can lead to workplace violence. As a society, the issue needs to be acknowledged of the reality and work together for creating a solution. Lastly, employers and employees must not live in fear of addressing concerns if they see the potential for workplaceRead MoreWorkplace Violence And The Workplace1145 Words   |  5 PagesWorkplace violence definition OSHA Fact Sheet (2012) states â€Å" workplace violence is a violence or the threat of violence against workers† (p.1). Workplace violence causes serious harm to employees or homicide that can lead to deaths. Act in any kind of shapes and forms such as: physical threat, threatening behavior, intention of assault and battery, verbal abuse, beating, stabbing, rape, shooting, being followed, psychological trauma, suicide, treat or obscene phone call/text, intimidation. WorkplaceRead MoreNo Tolerance Policy For Workplace Violence Essay1542 Words   |  7 PagesAdministration, (OSHA) also later recommended that every employer needs to establish a no-tolerance policy for workplace violence, including any form of bullying and verbal or nonverbal threats. Employers with zero-tolerance violence policies are more likely to have lower incident rates. When employers mandate this policy, employees not directly involved in violent incidents but are witnesses are obligated to participate in the investigation by the employer or authorities. Those employees not willingRead MoreThe Method Section Of The Final Research Proposal1562 Words   |  7 PagesThe Method Section of the Final Research Proposal To get a clear understanding of what causes workplace violence, negativity and employees not speaking up within an organization a Quantitative research survey methods will be used, â€Å"primary and secondary research†. In the primary research a survey will be presented to participants to gain insight on their feeling toward workplace violence, negativity and employees refusing to speak up about the occurrence within their work environment. The secondaryRead MoreWorkplace Violence773 Words   |  4 PagesA major component of any workplace violence program is prevention. Program development and union involvement, are important parts of a workplace violence prevention program in government. There are specific measures that can be taken to reduce the risk of violent behavior. The first question many people ask when starting to develop a workplace violence prevention program is, how can we identify potentially violent individuals? It is understandable that people want to know this -- and that earlyRead MoreProposal to improve Employee Safety in the Work place1644 Words   |  7 Pagesinform you that the Research into improving Workplace Safety is now finish and ready for your review. I have look at the statistics on work place violence over the past three years, 2011 through 2013. As I stated in my earlier memo I feel, that this is a very important need for the employees, management, and the business. Millions of workers face violence in the workplace every year and it is the second leading cause of occupational injury. Workplace violence can range from physical assaults to robberyRead MoreThe Effects Of Workplace Violence On The Workplace947 Words   |  4 PagesInstitute for Occupational Safety and Health workplace violence is described as any physical assault, threatening behavior or verbal abuse that takes place in the workplace. Violence includes all behaviors ranging in aggressiveness from verbal harassment to murder. Currently there is no law that requires protection for violence which occurs in the workplace. However some states throughout the country has reached out to legislation an established prevention programs. As of today, in 30 states (Florida notRead MoreThe Occupational Safety And Health Administration Essay1425 Words   |  6 Pagesapproach with workplace violence which leads to the issuing of eight General Duty Clause citations within the two-year period of 1 993 through 1995 for workplace violence. Even though they don’t list workplace violence among the twenty National Emphasis programs they routinely target various industries with unusually high injury or illness rates for inspections. According to Cornell HR Review, other forms of case law have been enacted in different states do to an up-rise of workplace violence. The stateRead MoreEssay about Workplace Violence1101 Words   |  5 PagesWorkplace Violence â€Å"And who has not thought that the impersonal world deserves no better than to be destroyed by one fabulous sign of his displeasure?† (J. Bronowski, The Face of Violence) Workplace violence has become a concern for both public and private companies, and has prompted these companies to implement anti-violence programs. As well they should, for the Bureau of Justice Statistics shows in their Special Report on Workplace Violence, researched by Dr. Greg Warchol , that inRead MoreWorkplace Violence In The Workplace1071 Words   |  5 Pages INTRODUCTION: Violence in the workplace has become a major safety and health issue. Workplace violence is not limited to homicide. This type of violence includes behaviors and circumstances that threaten an employee s physical safety; such as: verbal threats, sexual or physical harassment, coercion, behavior changes, intimidation, stalking, telephone/email harassment, and history of aggression. â€Å"Workplace violence incidents have tripled in the last decade, and it is now the fastest-growing category

On March 28, 1834, A Storm Arrived The United States Took

On March 28, 1834, a storm arrived The United States took an unpresented action but it has never been repeated. Political war was a downpour in Washington, a war against the Democratic Party and the Whig Party when the Senate decided that taking ten weeks to deliberate on what ended as one paragraph was a good idea, it was just too important to ignore. Through, this single message these lawmakers wanted to send a message to the President of the United States or ‘Caesar’ as some were calling him, he had gone too far. This thing that required ten weeks of the Senate’s attention would not change anything but simply to scold the President. But, they drafted and debated this for weeks and finally by a vote of 26 to 20 it passed it read,†¦show more content†¦When we think about this today it seems ludicrous to us as modern people because politicians run on improving infrastructures of states but Jackson’s opponents greatly contrasted with improving the i nfrastructure because for them the President’s veto was nothing short of a Constitutional crisis. Henry Clay wrote, â€Å"We are all shocked and mortified by the rejection of the Maysville Road we shall be contending a principle which wears a monarchial aspect.† If you are wondering how a road veto can lead to monarchy overthrowing liberty we will have to understand how the founders saw the presidency what powers did they compromise when designing the chief executive of the United States, the founders did not agree on everything. The Constitution was not written by God but it instead was written through a series of debates that took four months in a court house in Philadelphia which is why we need to look at the source, James Madison’s note he took about the proceedings of the Constitutional debates. Now, one delegate raised eyebrows when on June 18, 1787 his proposal was, â€Å"a supreme executive authority one who served for life. No good executive could be established through a republican model†¦ Only the English model was good on this subject.† When looking at this more closely it seems that this delegate is like a monarchy, which is why no one voted for this plan. The fifty-five delegates were probably very confused at this proposal sinceShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesD421.E77 2010 909.82—dc22 2009052961 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992 Printed in the United States of America 2 4 6 8 9 7 5 3 1 C ONTENTS Introduction Michael Adas 1 1 World Migration in the Long Twentieth Century †¢ Jose C. Moya and Adam McKeown 9 †¢ 2 Twentieth-Century Urbanization: In Search of an Urban ParadigmRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagessocial unrest in Jamaica was going to lead to a movement away from colonial rule and, having heard Marcus Garvey speak of the importance of Africa to black people in the New World, found in his remarkable success as a leader of thousands in the United States quite an amazing thing. Those who would presage the arrival of Rastafarianism also witnessed and read about the dramatic struggle of Emperor Haile Selassie to remove the Italians from his homeland of Ethiopia, which became the ï ¬ rst African nationRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesFrance Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York ß Oxford University Press 2006 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may

Critical Evaluation of Michael Porter Competitive Advantage

Question: Discuss about theCritical Evaluation of Michael Porter Competitive Advantage. Answer: Introduction Competitive advantages are deemed to increase the organizational value that is able is generate for its purchases that goes beyond the expenses of the organization in decreasing it. Value is deemed to the factors in a serve or products for which the consumers are willing to pay and the high quality value generates from providing decreased prices than its competitors (Ambec et al. 2013). Michael Porter revealed two different types of competitive advantages including differentiation and cost leadership advantages. Competitive advantages encompass taking defensive and offensive conducts to generate a defensible place within the sector. Generic strategies can facilitate the companies to deal with major competitive within the sector and perform improved than other competitive businesses. These competitive generic strategies include differentiation, focus, and cost leadership competitive advantages. Generally, the companies implement just one among the three generic competitive strategies (Bulley et al. 2014). In several circumstances, many organizations make great effort to implement more the one competitive strategy for bringing out differentiated products at a very low cost. The objective of the essay is to evaluate critically Michael Porters three generic strategies to gain competitive advantages through explaining several organizational examples. The essay will evaluate the three major ways in which most o the organizations attain sustainable competitive advantages. Discussion Competitive Advantage The relative position of the business within the sector indicates whether its profitability is over or under average sector standard. The company can attain profit above industry standard by attaining long-term competitive advantage. There exists two major ways of attaining competitive advantage, among which one is low cost and another is differentiation. The business can apply three generic strategies for achieving performance above the industry standard this are cost leadership strategy; cost differentiation strategy and cost focus strategy (Christensen and Raynor 2013). In the cost leadership strategy the company intends to become the low cost producer in the industry. This can be attained by economies of scale, access to raw material on preferential basis, technological development and other factors. If the business is able to maintain the cost leadership strategy then it can maintain profit above industry average. In the differentiation strategy, the business plans to be unique and it gets the rewarded for its uniqueness by premium price. In this strategy, the business selects one or more attributes that buyers considers important and the business positions itself uniquely for meeting those needs. In making decision of adopting this strategy the business should considers the cost of differentiation (Doz and Prahalad 2013). In the focus strategy, the business concentrates on narrow competitive scope within the industry. It develops a strategy that is specific for a focus area. The focus strategy is of two types cost focus and differentiation strategy. In cost focus strategy, the business aims to gain cost advantages in its selected segment (Dobbs 2014). On the other hand, in differentiation focus strategy the business focuses on getting an advantage of differentiation in a targeted segment. It can be said that the aim of cost focus strategy is to exploit the cost behavior in some of the segments and differentiation focus strategy aims to exploit the needs of certain segments of buyers. Critical Evaluation of Three Generic Strategies Michael Porters has elaborated a category scheme that encompasses the major competitive strategies those are employed by most of the business to gain competitive advantages. These major generic strategies are explained along with certain major aspects such as strategic strength and scope. Strategic scope is understood as the demand-side aspect and considers the dimension and market composition that organizations intend to target (Harzing and Giroud 2014). Strategic strength can be understood as supply-side dimension and it considers the core competency strength of the organization. The explanation provided by Porter considers that the organizations having increased market share is deemed highly successful as they decided to accept cost leadership strategy and the organizations with decreased market share were unbeaten as they employed market segmentation for focusing on small along with moneymaking market niche. It is deemed that blend of market segmentation strategy along with produ ct differentiation strategy serves as an efficient match for the product strategy of any organization. However, combinations such as cost leadership along with product leadership are considered different to put into practice because of the potential for the conflict among the cost decrease and additional expense of value-added differentiation (Hoskisson et al. 2012). Considering the advantages of the aforementioned strategies, researchers namely, Magretta (2012) have considered a difference among the cost leadership such as low cost strategies along with best cost strategies. These researchers also claimed that a low cost strategy is not that capable to offer a long-term competitive advantage. In several cases, the organizations enter into huge price wars. Moreover, they claim an effective cost strategy that considers offering the superior value for a considerably less price. An organizations sustainable position within the industry is considered by its selection of competitive advantages along with its selection of competitive scope. General strategies are deemed constructive as they characterize strategic positions at the widest and simplest level. Michal Porter ensures that attaining competitive advantages needs organizations to make proper selections regarding the scope and type of competitive advantages (Pisano and Hitt 2012). Figure 1: Porters Generic Competitive Advantages Strategies (Source: Porter and Heppelmann 2014) Cost Leadership Strategy- This competitive strategy is centered on efficiency. Through manufacturing increased volumes of the standardized offerings, the organizations intend to avail economies of scales benefits and experience the curve impacts. The offerings of the companies are generally basic offerings that is generated at a considerably less cost and is accessible to an increased consumer base. Sustaining such strategy needs a regular exploration for the reductions of expenses in all the business deeds. The related distribution strategy has an intention to attain the most possible extensive distribution (Porter 2012). Promotional strategy generally encompasses attempts to bring out virtue out of low cost features of the products. In order to become successful this strategy needs a significant market share benefit or great entrance to the components, raw materials labor and certain other vital input. Effective implementation of this strategy gains advantages from skills of proces s engineering, goods designed for the manufactures ease, great availability of inexpensive capital, close labor supervision, good cost control and will also make sure that the expenses are maintained at a possible minimum level. Illustration: Several organizations are observed to gain business success through implementing low cost competitive advantages strategy. Cost leadership strategy of Wal-Mart is an ideal example of successful implementation of competitive advantage strategy. Through providing products at EDLP, particularly in the previous years at the time Wal-Mart was not situated as a retail sector was quite complex (Riasi 2015). Considering such situation, the company incorporated cost leadership strategy that encompassed increasing economies of scale and indulging in significant efforts in decreasing costs. The excess that was produced was again reinvested in developing services of an efficient scale, acquiring new business associated equipment and implementing the recent expertise. Such reinvestments conducted by the organization facilitated the company to sustain its position of cost leadership. Differentiation Strategy- Differentiation competitive advantage strategy focuses on a wide market that encompasses the development of a goods or services that is believed all through its industry is exceptional. The organization or the business unit might then demand a high price for all its offerings (Slvell 2015). Such specialty is deemed to be related with the companys brand image, design, technology, dealers, network, features, and the consumer service. Differentiation is considered a viable strategy in order to gain increased average returns in a particular business as the resultant brand loyalty decreases compassion of the consumers to price. High expenses can generally be carried on to the purchasers. Their loyalty can also contribute to be entry barrier new organizations that should build up their individual competence in order to separate their offerings in a manner for remaining in the competition successfully. However, research of van den Bosch et al. (2013) have suggested that a differentiation strategy is not that likely to produce increases profits in comparison to the low cost strategy as this strategy develops an effective entry barrier. Illustration: Dayton is an organization that is observed to gain great competitive advantages through implementation of differentiation strategies. From a long time, the companys strategy was to situate itself to be an upscale chain of discount at which the costs can be slightly increased than the lowest prices. In order to attain this expensive image, the company manufactured stylish and trendy offerings within an organizational environment that was attractive and bright unlike several other companies (West et al. 2015). In comparison to its competitors, Dayton has turned out to be a brand due to its effective merchandising, advertising and marketing strategies. The company developed an image and displayed all its offerings that were aligned with the consumers lifestyles along with generating enhanced merchandise displays. In order to gain the competitive advantage from differentiation strategy, the company offered most efficient styles and trends to all its target consumers by focu sing on merchandising strategy. Focus Strategy- In such strategy the organization focuses on specific target markets and this is understood as focus strategy (van den Bosch et al. 2013). It is deemed that through focusing on the marketing initiatives more than one narrow segment of markets and along with couture the marketing mix to such particular markets, the organizations tend to address the needs of a particular target market. The companies intend to attain considerable competitive advantage by ensuring effectiveness rather than efficiency. This strategy is considered extremely suitable for the small organizations that can be employed by the company. The focus strategy can be employed by the organizations in order to select the target market those are observed to be less vulnerable to the substitutes or where there is the weakest competition for attaining above average investment return (Riasi 2015). This strategy is observed to have two major variants: Within a cost focus, strategy an organization intends to attain cost advantage within its target segment. Differentiating strategy is deemed effective so that the organizations seek to implement differentiation strategy within its target market segment. Illustration: PepsiCo implements the focus strategy and based on which it has established its successful position in the market (Slvell 2015). Considering the cost focus strategy the company made successful attempts to decrease the costs in its manufacturing operations to gain superior competitive advantages. The business allocated its resources effectively and ensured that the company for gaining superior cost advantages maintains sufficient quality personnel and cash. The companys decision to spin-off the bottling operations have supported PepsiCo in competing more successfully within the beverage business and serving its retail consumers in an effective manner (Christensen and Raynor 2013). Through implementation of cost focus strategy the company improved, its margins with years on its beverage operations on the reason that the stopped operations were not that profitable than the supply of beverage concentrate. Conclusion The objective of the essay was to evaluate critically Michael Porters three generic strategies to gain competitive advantages through explaining several organizational examples. From the critical analysis of the type of competitive advantages, the organizations seek to attain and the ways in which the three generic strategies can be advantageous it was gathered that generic strategies can facilitate the companies to deal with major five competitive within the industry and perform better than other competitive businesses. These competitive generic strategies include differentiation, focus, and cost leadership competitive advantages. Generally, the companies implement just one among the three generic competitive strategies. It was also revealed that the relative position of the business within the industry makes sure whether its profitability is more than or below average industry standard. The company can attain profit above industry standard by attaining sustainable competitive advan tage. The essay explained that in the focus strategy the business concentrates on narrow competitive scope within the industry. It develops a strategy that is specific for a focus area. The focus strategy is of two types cost focus and differentiation strategy. In cost focus strategy, the business aims to gain cost advantages in its selected segment. On the other hand, in differentiation focus strategy the business focuses on getting an advantage of differentiation in a targeted segment. Reference List Ambec, S., Cohen, M.A., Elgie, S. and Lanoie, P., 2013. The Porter hypothesis at 20: can environmental regulation enhance innovation and competitiveness?.Review of Environmental Economics and Policy,7(1), pp.2-22. Bulley, C.A., Baku, K.F. and Allan, M.M., 2014. Competitive intelligence information: A key business success factor.Journal of Management and Sustainability,4(2), p.82. Christensen, C. and Raynor, M., 2013.The innovator's solution: Creating and sustaining successful growth. Harvard Business Review Press. Doz, Y. and Prahalad, C.K., 2013, January. Quality of management: An emerging source of global competitive advantage?. InStrategies in Global Competition (RLE International Business): Selected Papers from the Prince Bertil Symposium at the Institute of International Business, Routledge(pp. 345-368).Dobbs, M., 2014. Guidelines for applying Porter's five forces framework: a set of industry analysis templates.Competitiveness Review,24(1), pp.32-45. Harzing, A.W. and Giroud, A., 2014. The competitive advantage of nations: An application to academia.Journal of Informetrics,8(1), pp.29-42. Hoskisson, R.E., Hitt, M.A., Ireland, R.D. and Harrison, J.S., 2012.Competing for advantage. Cengage Learning. Magretta, J., 2012. Michael Porter answers managers' FAQs.Strategy Leadership,40(2), pp.11-15. Magretta, J., 2013.Understanding Michael Porter: The essential guide to competition and strategy. Harvard business press. Pisano, V. and Hitt, M.A., 2012. What is competitive strategy: Origins and developments of a relevant research area in strategic management.Handbook of Research on Competitive Strategy, p.616. Porter, M.E. and Heppelmann, J.E., 2014. How smart, connected products are transforming competition.Harvard Business Review,92(11), pp.64-88. Porter, M.E., 2012, June. Competitive Advantage: Enduring Ideas and New Opportunities. InHarvard Business School 14th Annual Rotman School Conference for Leaders Toronto, Canada June(Vol. 22, p. 2012). Riasi, A., 2015. Competitive advantages of shadow banking industry: An analysis using Porter diamond model.Business Management and Strategy,6(2), pp.15-27. Slvell, ., 2015. The Competitive Advantage of Nations 25 yearsopening up new perspectives on competitiveness.Competitiveness Review,25(5), pp.471-481. van den Bosch, F.A.J. and De Man, A.P. eds., 2013.Perspectives on strategy: contributions of Michael E. Porter. Springer Science Business Media. West, D., Ford, J. and Ibrahim, E., 2015.Strategic marketing: creating competitive advantage. Oxford University Press.

Setting and Children free essay sample

Engage in personal development in health, social care or children’s and young people’s setting. 1. 1 Describe the duties and responsibilities of own work role 1. 2 Explain expectations about own work role as expressed in relevant standards. As a qualified level 3 practitioner I am responsible to fulfil my duties and work role to the best of my ability. In other words I always like to try to give my position my full attention and give it 100% of my time and dedication. I believe that this helps me to support the children in my reception class. I am always aware of the children within my setting that have SEN (Special Educational Needs) and try where I can to give them extra support although remembering the inclusive practice policy. Some of my main duties include: Ensuring children have access to learning materials and resources Observing and monitoring pupils performance and reporting my findings back to the class teacher Supporting teaching by providing information for ICT lessons Looking after the children who have had a accident or who are upset so the teacher can continue with her lesson Preparing the classroom Supporting children who may need additional help Monitoring and encouraging the children to perform to the best of their ability Encourage the children to learn through play by engaging myself with them and playing the game with them Helping the class teacher plan, prepare and deliver learning activities Giving a high level of attention to literacy and numeracy activities Showing sensitivity to the children and their families Maintaining an excellent level of communication between myself, work colleauges, other professionals from agencies and the children’s families and parents Listening to the children read regularly and keeping monitoring their achievements Supporting the children to develop communicational skills through providing role play and actively playing with them in this area Providing children who’s first language is not English with enough translation or resources to teach them some English language sufficiently Assisting the teacher with delivering specific curriculm programs General office duties such as photocopying homework or producing speadsheets to record achievements Teahing interventions ( providing small groups of children with one to one attention) so that all the children in my class can achieve to the best of their ability Implement and support the golden rules of the classroom and helping the class teacher to manage the children bad behaviour and promoting good behaviour. We will write a custom essay sample on Setting and Children or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Page 1 SHC 32: Engage in personal development in health, social care or children’s and young people’s setting. 1. 1 Describe the duties and responsibilities of own work role 1. 2 Explain expectations about own work role as expressed in relevant standards. In my setting this includes giving a child who’s first language is not English additional help but not singling her out as this may cause exclusion from games and activities that the other children are enjoying. Other daily duties include making sure that any water on the floor is cover and cleared away as this is a slipping hazard and so therefore become a health and safety hazard. I am also aware of the ratio’s between children and practitioners which in our classroom is correct and that all toys are checked for small pieces as this could be a chocking hazard and so therefore become a part of my health and safety training. Within my work role I generally take small groups of children and work with them through play to help teach them subjects like maths and English. Whilst doing this I am always more than virulent watching the other children around the room to ensure they are safe. One of the biggest parts in my work role is to listen to the children as this can often enlighten practitioners to what a child’s home life is like and whether the child may have other issues that need addressing. I also like to encourage the children to provide their best work and so I reward the children by asking them to put a marble in the jar which once full we have a class reward or activity like extra play on the apparatus in the big play ground. Another crucial criteria of my role is to promote good behaviour and to help with this all members of staff in our classroom implements the golden rules which have to be followed at all times. We promote this by again asking children to add marbles to the jar, using praising vocabulary or by sticker charts for those children who are struggling to follow the rules. I regularly listen to the children read and keep records of their achievements which are reported back to the class teacher. I am very fortunate that I get along quite well with the other team members in my classroom and this helps with lots of different aspects of my responsibilities and duties as I could find it extremely difficult to communicate with a member of staff if there was an atmosphere and so discussing the children’s issues or next steps may be awkward if it happens at all. Working well in a team is an essential part of becoming a level 3 practitioner no matter what the situation is as we constantly have to have involvement with team members as well as parents and other professionals to be able to provide the children in our care a fair and equal opportunity to education. In order to abide by not only my settings policies and procedures but the laws, regulations and guidelines set by local authorities and central government it is also essential to remember essential aspects of child protection such as health and safety, safeguarding and equality, diversity and inclusive practice. Page 2 SHC 32: Engage in personal development in health, social care or children’s and young people’s setting. 1. 1 Describe the duties and responsibilities of own work role 1. 2 Explain expectations about own work role as expressed in relevant standards. These are set out in law, guidelines ect as well as always included in any policy from any setting. However with this said their may be different procedures in which to carry out in different settings or updated versions from year to year so I always make sure that I request a copy upon a new placement or request a copy of any updated versions. This helps me to apply these guidelines, laws etc to my everyday activities and this does not only keep the children in my setting safe but also keeps me safe. Another set of guidelines which are of paramount importance are the early years foundation stage guidelines. These relate to all aspects of the children’s development and also the where and what the children do next. It is also part of my role to help the class teacher plan and prepare what the next steps are for each of the children and what the learning topics should be for the next week or term. I suppose I am quite lucky as my class teacher also forwards me copy of her planning for the week ahead and always asks for my opinion and input as to how certain children in our class will respond to these topics and how we can work together to help the children that may struggle slightly so that they get a equal opportunity to learning. One of the biggest responsibilities I have to the children is to report any makings or disclosure to the correct place. At my setting it is procedure to discuss any matters with the class teacher as well as report it to the safeguarding officer in the office. I believe that it is also my responsibility ask the children how the got a certain marking and to make sure that I am always on the look out for any signs or symptoms of illness. Most of all practitioners main duties are to supervise the children and to prevent them from harm and this plays an extremely big role in the health and safety and child protection standards set by the government. Another framework which is crutial to childcare is KEEP ( the key elements of effective practice).

Battle of Saratoga Essays - United States, Battles Of Saratoga

Battle of Saratoga Essays - United States, Battles Of Saratoga Battle of Saratoga Battleof Saratoga In the summer of 1777, over 7,200 British soldiers under the command of Lieutenant General John Burgoyne departed Quebec down the Hudson River to ?sever the head of the rebellion? (Department of Military Science, 2006). In the British?s path were 7,000 poorly trained and poorly equipped American soldiers under the command of Major General Horatio Gates. These two Armies would meet and do battle in Saratoga, New York. Many battles during the Revolutionary War were either won or lost by the Armies that fought in them and military tactics played a role in each battle?s outcome. One battle, however, sticks out as the turning point for American forces that turned the tide of war in their favor. This essay will discuss some of the military tactics used to win the Battle of Saratoga which helped to determine the fate of the United States. First it is important to understand that ?the success at Saratoga gave France the confidence in the American cause to enter the war as an American ally? (ushistory.org, 2012). Without this victory the American cause would not have been successful as the French would not have offered much needed financial and military assistance. For this reason, the Battle of Saratoga is known as ?the turning point of the Revolutionary War? (ushistory.org, 2012). Additionally it is important to understand what military tactics are. Military tactics can be defined as: ?the techniques for using weapons and military units in combination for engaging an enemy on the battlefield in an effort to defeat that enemy? (M. Smith, personal communication, September 17, 1997). Some practices have not changed since the dawn of warfare: ambushes, counterattacks, reconnaissance, creating and using obstacles and defenses, and controlling the supply chain are all tactics still used today. The use of the terrain to the best advantage has not changed much; neither has the use of elevation and natural cover which will all be discussed later in this essay. The first military tactic that will be discussed is the reconnaissance. The reconnaissance is a vital tactic used by military leaders that help them to understand the situation and better prepare for contact with the enemy. Reconnaissance can be defined as ?the process of obtaining information about the position, activities, resources, etc, of an enemy or potential enemy? (reconnaissance, 2012). Good reconnaissance led to the American?s detaching 1000 men (commanded by Major General Benedict Arnold) that engaged and defeated the British force (commanded by Brigadier General Barry St. Leger) along the Mohawk River. It is important to note that BG St. Leger?s forces retreated back into Canada and were not present for the battle of Saratoga. By understanding the importance of the reconnaissance tactic the Americans were able ?to thwart St. Leger's eastward advance along the Mohawk River? (Department of Military Science, 2006), and deny LTG Burgoyne much needed supplies and reinforcement s. By knowing what the British were doing, MG Gates was able to ?set the stage? for the Battle of Saratoga in the American?s favor. Another military tactic that had a significant impact on the Battle of Saratoga is the control of the supply chain. If a military unit is stretched too thin or out paces its supply chain, the unit will lose its combat power or the ability to take the fight to the enemy. During the Battle of Saratoga, ?American general Schuyler proceeded to burn supplies and crops in the line of Burgoyne's advance so that the British were forced to rely on their ever-longer and more and more unreliable supply line to Canada? (ushitory.org, 2012). This is one example of how to effectively disrupt the enemy?s supply chain. Other examples would be to ambush or raid enemy supply wagons in order to deny the enemy vital supplies such as food, water, ammunition, and gun powder. The negative effects of denying the British supplies during the battle of Saratoga were evident during the battles. It is also important to note that Burgoyne was unsuccessful at raiding the American?s supply depot at Bennington, Verm ont. British LTG Burgoyne was ?Overextended, cut off from supply routes, and with demoralized forces (Department of Military Science, 2006). So the military tactic of disrupting the enemies supply chain was one

How to Ask Your Professor to Change Your Grade

How to Ask Your Professor to Change Your Grade At the end of every semester, professor’s inboxes are inundated with a barrage of emails from desperate students seeking a grade change. These last minute requests are often met with frustration and disdain. Some professors even go so far as to set their inbox to auto-respond and not check back until weeks after the semester ends. If you are considering asking your professor for a grade change, consider your actions cautiously and prepare yourself before making the request. Here’s your best chance: Step 1: Do everything in your power not to find yourself in this situation. A lot of requests come from students who have borderline grades. Just a point or two more, and their GPA would improve. However, being on the border isn’t usually an acceptable reason to ask for a grade change. If your grade is 89.22%, dont ask the professor to consider a bump to 90% in order to keep your GPA up. If you think you might be on the borderline, work as hard as you can before the end of the semester and discuss extra credit possibilities ahead of time. Don’t count on being â€Å"rounded up† as a courtesy. Step 2: Act before your professor submits his grades to the university. Instructors will be much more likely to change grades before they submit them to the university. If you were missing points or feel you should have been given more participation credit, talk to your professor before grades are due. If you wait until after submission, your professor will likely have to jump through a lot of hoops to meet your request. In some universities, grade changes are simply not permitted without a significant written explanation of the instructor’s error written by the instructor. Keep in mind that instructors are usually required to submit the grades to the university several days before they are posted for students to view. So, talk to your professor as soon as possible. Step 3: Decide if you really have a case. Review the syllabus and make sure your argument matches up with the instructor’s expectations. A reasonable grade change request might be based on objective issues such as: The instructor failing to count points you earnedA miscalculation on a particular examA problem with the online course’s learning management system that resulted in a point deduction A request might also be made based on subjective issues such as: You feel you should have been given more participation pointsYou believe your role in the group project was not adequately understood or appreciated Step 4: Collect evidence. If you’re going to make a claim, collect evidence to support your cause. Collect old papers, try to make a list of times you’ve participated, etc. Step 5: Discuss your case with the professor in a professional manner. Whatever you do, don’t be overly glib or angry with your professor. State your claim in a calm and professional manner. Explain, briefly, the evidence that backs up your claim. And, offer to show the evidence or discuss the issue in more detail if the professor would find that helpful. Step 6: If all else fails, appeal to the department. If your professor will not change your grade and you feel you have a very good case, you may be able to appeal to the department. Try calling the department offices and asking about the policy on grade appeals. Keep in mind that complaining about the professor’s decision may be viewed poorly by other professors and may have negative consequences – particularly if you are in a small, insular department. However, if you stay calm and state your case confidently, you will have a better chance of keeping their respect and getting your grade changed.

Flying Buttresses and Their Significance in the Structural System Essay

Flying Buttresses and Their Significance in the Structural System Utilized at the Notre Dame Cathedral - Essay Example Even though scholars mention the flying buttress in the late Gothic period, it was until the mid 19th century (1858) that Eugene-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Du, a French theorist and architect discussed in details its significance in buildings. Georg Ungerwitter later used graphic statistics towards the late 19th century devoting his effort to the role of flying buttress to the Gothic buildings. Notre Dame Cathedral located on eastern part of Ile de la Cite, Paris France, is the most notable and among the first Gothic buildings in the world to employ the flying buttress, according to Toker (31). This paper seeks to explore the structural significance of flying buttress in Notre Dame Cathedral. Flying Buttress Flying buttress, according to Dietsch, is a masonry structure consisting of a bar that inclines and carried a half arch extending from upper section of a wall to piers (7). Flying buttress mainly carries the vault or the roof and is mainly associated with the Gothic architecture. Flying buttress plays a crucial role in a building in the sense that it provides resistance to the lateral forces thrusting a wall outwards. In this case, flying buttress provides strong resistance by redirecting the lateral forces to the ground, notes Dietsch (8). ... The centering plays a crucial role of proving support to the weight of the building materials used on the walls such as stones, as well as maintain the arch’s shape until that time that the mortar dries up. Carpenters first construct the centering on the ground after which it is hoisted into position and tightened to the piers at both end of buttress. According to Dietsch, the centering is used as temporary flying buttress until the completion of the actual stone arch (9). Analysis of the use of flying buttress in the Notre Dame Cathedral Paris Kleiner claims that the Notre Dame Cathedral Paris is one of the most famous and among the first ever buildings of the Gothic era to use the flying buttress (468). Used as the Catholic diocese of Paris, Notre Dame Cathedral signifies the greatest example of the French Gothic architecture in the world. Kleiner reveals that the building was saved from the verge of collapse during the French Revolution by the French theorist and architect Eugene-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Du (468). The construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral spans the Gothic period. The structure of the building shows the great influence of naturalism seen in the manner its stained classes and sculptures are built. As earlier stated, Notre Dame Cathedral Paris was among the first buildings to employ flying buttress. According to Toker, the building was not originally designed to have flying buttress around the naves and choir (32). However, after the beginning of its construction, its thinner walls began growing higher. This created a lot of stress resulting in the development of fractures on the walls. To strengthen the walls and the entire structure, architects introduced flying buttress around the outside walls to provide support to the building structure

Topic 5-1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Topic 5-1 - Essay Example The Social Institution and Gender Index (SIGI) is an efficient tool for helping women realize their abilities and develop proper career alternatives. The tool emphasizes on fighting for the rights of women by providing evidence as to the actual levels of discrimination that females face. The only detriment of using the tool is that it may promote overconcentration on feminine gender and encourage discrimination of the masculine gender as already happens in some countries. Ethical concern relating to Social Institution and Gender Index (SIGI) is that it is forgetting and biasing against masculine gender. The tool places much emphasis on promoting feminine rights and doing nothing to the masculine gender. This element of SIGI may lead it in causing further imbalance across the genders. When compared with the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB), SIGI performs poorly in promoting gender balance in careers. The ASVAB gives people across all genders opportunity to take career test without any form of discrimination. Qualification of individuals depends solely on their performances. In that respect, SIGI can cause social conflict in the career fields in the long term, while ASVAB can reinforce the perceptions of gender unfairness in career

Ancient Egypt Essay Example for Free

Ancient Egypt Essay What are books? Well the answer is pretty simple which is books are a set of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of ink, paper, parchment, or other materials, usually fastened together to hinge at one side. Books are available everywhere. We can get them at a bookstore, library, school and many more places. They are part and puzzle of someone’s life. There are many types of book like storybooks, fictional, non-fictional, novels, magazines, manuscript, comic books, log books, reference books, textbooks and so much more. When writing systems were invented in ancient civilisation, this system can be written on nearly everything including stone, clay, tree bark and metal sheets. Alphabetic writing emerged in Egypt about 5,000 years ago. Papyrus, a thick paper-like material made by weaving of the stems of the papyrus plant, then pounding the woven sheet with a hammer-like tool, was used for writing in Ancient Egypt. Papyrus sheets were glued together to form a scroll. Tree bark such as lime and other materials were also used. A codex in modern usage is the first information repository that modern people would recognise as a book. In the early 19th century, steamed-powered printing presses became very popular. Books were put to good use by many well-known and famous authors both in the past and present. Author is someone who makes or originates something. Philosophers like Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Sun Tzu and many more philosophers spread their ideas and messages through books. They spoke their mind through books. This in return introduced and spread ideology over the continent during the rising and falling of great empires like Rome, Greek and China. Books play an important role in the growth of language. There are over 5000 languages in the world. These languages are spread by books. Nowadays, we can get books with different languages so that means you can get a book with the same title but with a different language. There are books such as dictionary that helps people especially students that have troubles in translating from a language to another. This is called bilingual. Besides, books are essential in students’ life. It is constantly needed throughout the learning period of an individual’s life. For example, books are used in kindergartens, primary, lower and upper secondary and even in colleges or institutions. Students no matter where or which phase of the learning period they enter, books are still needed. Furthermore, working people especially those who are involved in teaching and journalism like teachers, lecturers, professors, reporters and many more. They can’t escape from books. One of their source of livelihood is books. As technology progress, books are getting unpopular. This is because that we now are able to read story books and novels through the internet as well as purchase them. People do not have to open their books and flip through pages to find information. Moreover, they can obtain the information they seek within seconds. They also do not need to buy music books anymore because it is available online. In conclusion, books are the very source of intellect and intelligence. They are huge source of knowledge. To read books are endless, even a lifetime is not sufficient. You can never read them finish. During the earlier centuries, books were the key to the growth of advanced civilisation. Therefore, even with the progression of technology, mankind should continue to read books because they are endless with knowledge.

The Simple Pleasures of Life Bring Happiness Essay -- Happiness Essays

"I am determined to be cheerful and happy in whatever situation I may find myself. For I have learned that the greater part of our misery or unhappiness is determined not by our circumstance but by our disposition." -- Martha Washington "Happiness is not something ready made. It comes from your own actions." -- Dalai Lama An emotion is an intense feeling. Happiness is one of the many emotions humans experience. It may perhaps be the most important feeling a person can have and it is the one feeling everyone strives to achieve, yet strangely, for the most part, people seem to only get a glimpse of it. Pleasurable satisfaction, a state of well-being and contentment are the more outstanding elements of happiness. Happiness, known more formally as felicity, is good. A state of well-being characterized by emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy and can be applied to almost every kind of enjoyment. It can be defined and characterized in several ways- metaphorically, by life’s everyday pleasures, and by the behaviors and accomplishments of a happy person. This emotion can be metaphorically compared with expressions such as, the sun shining through the rain and the â€Å"silver lining behind the dark cloud†. These expressions capture the optimistic outlook of happiness, they symbolize hope of a bigger, better and brighter future even in the midst of what could be termed as the â€Å"darkest hour†. Happiness is the essence of life, the wind gently blowing flowers in the open field, the puppies frolicking in a pile of leaves, and is reflected in the merriment of men. It is exciting, playful, full of good cheer and lighthearted and signifies life. It brings the smiles to the faces of children one to ninety-nine. Happiness i... ...e way. Apart from success, good health and longevity are associated with happiness. The lightheartedness that accompanies happiness has been said to lower the chance of strokes and heart attacks. Laughter releases tension and add to persons overall sense of well-being. Happiness is not death, or sorrow. It is not gloom, depression or heavy-heartedness. Happiness does not lament nor does it worry. It is neither moody nor pensive, neither wanton nor pessimistic. Happiness does not mourn for what was it instead rejoices in what will be. Happiness comes through good fortune and through loving and being loved. Eating a good meal, being in good health and enjoying the comforts of life can also achieve it. The simple pleasures of life bring happiness, whether it be enjoying a favorite dessert, smelling a rose or running in the rain. O happiness! our being's end and aim!

Operations Management and Productivity Essay

Service and product design decision is one of the very important issues of operations management. Indeed this decision determines the health and fate of any organization (Krajewski & Ritzman, 1998). A company that designs products and services that are of superior quality and that click with the intended market, definately succeeds. Hard Rock Cafe’s operations management has been successful in designing products and services in entertainment hospitality sector. This sector is one of the most competitive sectors, but they have been able to design and offer quality products and superior services in cafes, hotels, casinos and lately in music venues, Rock museum and Rock concerts (Evans, 1996). To respond to changing customer needs and expectations, they have continuously changed their menus and the services they offer. Hard Rock’s success comes as a result of continuous monitoring of quality of their products and services (Saheli, 2007). Their Quality Management Department has devised techniques to continuously monitor quality so as to improve quality of products and services and also make timely corrective measures and hence reduce quality costs. In the cafe, regular surveys are done to evaluate quality of food and services, where a scale is devised to measure scores (Ibid, 2007). To ensure quality products and services, production processes and capacity have been enhanced by using state-of-the-art equipment in catering, entertainment services in casinos, hotels and music venues. Technology is also embraced to increase production capacity in cafes and hotels (Krajewski & Ritzman, 1998). Hard Rock started its operations in London. However, in 1988 it moved its headquarters to Orlando, Florida as it targeted the booming US market (Evans, 1996). It has later spread its cafes and hotels to more than 40 locations in US. The decision of spreading its wings to many states is to tap into unsaturated markets as well as diversify operation risks (Ibid, 1996). Due to increasing customers and hence operations, Hard Rock has expanded their cafe facilities to handle their clients. For example at Orlando Universal Studios, their cafe serves over 3,000 meals a day with about 400 employees and the number is expected to grow especially during high tourist seasons (Saheli, 2007). To ensure high labor productivity, Hard Rock Cafe has provided their workers with excellent working conditions. This is achieved through good industrial relation management and employee-management relations. Human Resource Management has ensured that the company has the best of employees who are competent, skilled and fit for their positions, hence Hard Rock expects the best out of their labor force (Krajewski & Ritzman, 1998). Productiveness is the main task of the supply chain management in Hard Rock. The department has developed supply chain strategies aimed at reducing procurement costs and value adding the process. Hard Rock has entered into strategic partnership with suppliers to improve efficiency and effectiveness of this activity (Evans, 1996). To effectively manage inventory, the company has inventory management system that guides the managers on when to order inventory and how much (Saheli, 2007). To increase efficiency and reduce costs, they have embraced Just-In-Time philosophy where the materials required are procured in time and used in time (Saheli, 2007). During low season, Orlando Cafe staff is scheduled down to 15-minutes intervals to meet seasonal and daily demand changes in tourist environment. Annual Routine maintenance is exercised in all their facilities. Maintenance department is charged with responsibilities of ensuring that Hard Rock Cafes, hotels, casinos, music venues and rock museum are renovated and machines maintained at good conditions (Krajewski & Ritzman, 1998). The productivity of the kitchen staff and wait staff can be measured by dividing the number of meals they prepare and serve by the number of labor hours they input (Saheli, 2007). During low seasons wait staff may serve fewer meals as demand gets low and also kitchen staff prepares fewer meals. Nevertheless, they will also use less labour hours as they are scheduled and down-sized to respond to low operations (Evans, 1996).

Disadvantages of Fdi Essay

Disadvantages of Foreign Direct Investment The disadvantages of foreign direct investment occur mostly in case of matters related to operation, distribution of the profits made on the investment and the personnel. One of the most indirect disadvantages of foreign direct investment is that the economically backward section of the host country is always inconvenienced when the stream of foreign direct investment is negatively affected. The situations in countries like Ireland, Singapore, Chile and China corroborate such an opinion. It is normally the responsibility of the host country to limit the extent of impact that may be made by the foreign direct investment. They should be making sure that the entities that are making the foreign direct investment in their country adhere to the environmental, governance and social regulations that have been laid down in the country. The various disadvantages of foreign direct investment are understood where the host country has some sort of national secret – something that is not meant to be disclosed to the rest of the world. It has been observed that the defense of a country has faced risks as a result of the foreign direct investment in the country. At times it has been observed that certain foreign policies are adopted that are not appreciated by the workers of the recipient country. Foreign direct investment, at times, is also disadvantageous for the ones who are making the investment themselves. Foreign direct investment may entail high travel and communications expenses. The differences of language and culture that exist between the country of the investor and the host country could also pose problems in case of foreign direct investment. Yet another major disadvantage of foreign direct investment is that there is a chance that a company may lose out on its ownership to an overseas company. This has often caused many companies to approach foreign direct investment with a certain amount of caution. At times it has been observed that there is considerable instability in a particular geographical region. This causes a lot of inconvenience to the investor. The size of the market, as well as, the condition of the host country could be important factors in the case of the foreign direct investment. In case the host country is not well connected with their more advanced neighbors, it poses a lot of challenge for the investors. At times it has been observed that the governments of the host country are facing problems with foreign direct investment. It has less control over the functioning of the company that is functioning as the wholly owned subsidiary of an overseas company. This leads to serious issues. The investor does not have to be completely obedient to the economic policies of the country where they have invested the money. At times there have been adverse effects of foreign direct investment on the balance of payments of a country. Even in view of the various disadvantages of foreign direct investment it may be said that foreign direct investment has played an important role in shaping the economic fortunes of a number of countries around the world.

Roman Lares, Larvae, Lemures, and Manes

Roman Lares, Larvae, Lemures, and Manes The ancient Romans believed that after death their souls became spirits or shades of the dead. There is some debate about the nature of Roman shades or spirits (aka ghosts). The theologian Augustine Bishop of Hippo (A.D. 354 - 430), who died when Vandals attacked Roman Africa, wrote about the Roman shades a few centuries after most of the literary, pagan Latin references to such spirits. Horace (65-8 B.C.) Epistles 2.2.209:​nocturnos lemures portentaque Thessala rides?)Do you laugh at dreams, miracles, magical terrors,Witches, ghosts in the night, and Thessalian portents?Kline translationOvid (43 B.C.-A.D. 17/18) Fasti 5.421ff:ritus erit veteris, nocturna Lemuria, sacri:inferias tacitis manibus illa dabunt.It will be the ancient sacred rites of the Lemuria,When we make offerings to the voiceless spirits. (Note that Constantine, the first Christian emperor of Rome died in 337.) St. Augustine on the Spirits of the Dead: Lemures and Demon: [Plotinus (3rd century A.D.)] says, indeed, that the souls of men are demons, and that men become Lares if they are good, Lemures or Larvae if they are bad, and Manes if it is uncertain whether they deserve well or ill. Who does not see at a glance that this is a mere whirlpool sucking men to moral destruction? For, however wicked men have been, if they suppose they shall become Larvae or divine Manes, they will become the worse the more love they have for inflicting injury; for, as the Larvae are hurtful demons made out of wicked men, these men must suppose that after death they will be invoked with sacrifices and divine honors that they may inflict injuries. But this question we must not pursue. He also states that the blessed are called in Greek eudaimones, because they are good souls, that is to say, good demons, confirming his opinion that the souls of men are demons. From Chapter 11. City of God, by St. Augustine, Augustine says there were the following different types of spirits of the dead: Lares if good,Lemures (larvae) if evil, andManes if indeterminate. Another Interpretation of the Lemures - Haunting Spirits: Instead of being evil spirits, the lemures (larvae) may have been souls that could find no rest because, having met with a violent or premature death, they were unhappy. They wandered among the living, haunting people and driving them to madness. This corresponds with modern tales about the ghosts in haunted houses. Lemuria - Festivals to Placate the Lemures: No sane Roman wanted to be haunted, so they held ceremonies to satisfy the spirits. The lemures (larvae) were propitiated during the 9-day festival in May named Lemuria after them. At the Parentalia or Feralia on the 18th and 21st of February, living descendants shared a meal with the benevolent spirits of their ancestral (manes or di parentes). Ovid (43 B.C. – A.D. 17) on the Lemures and Manes: Almost four centuries before the Christian St. Augustine wrote about pagan beliefs in shades, the Romans were honoring their ancestors and writing about the ceremonies. At the time, there was already uncertainty about the origins of placating festivals. In Ovids Fasti 5.422, the Manes and Lemures are synonymous and both hostile, in need of exorcism via the Lemuria. Ovid incorrectly derives the Lemuria from Remuria, saying it was to placate Remus, the brother of Romulus. Larvae and Lemures: Usually considered the same, not all ancient authors considered the Larvae and Lemures identical. In the Apocolocyntosis 9.3 (about the deification of  Emperor Claudius, attributed to Seneca) and Plinys Natural History, Larvae are tormentors of the dead. Manes: The Manes (in the plural) were originally good spirits. Their name was usually placed with the word for gods, di, as in Di manes. Manes came to be used for the ghosts of individuals. The first writer to do so is Julius and Augustus Caesars contemporary Cicero (106 - 43 B.C.). Reference: Aeneas and the Demands of the Dead, by Kristina P. Nielson. The Classical Journal, Vol. 79, No. 3. (Feb. - Mar. 1984). Also see Aeneid in the Realm of Hades Odysseus in the Underworld - Nekuia Ovid Fasti 5.421ff Judgment of the Dead in the Egyptian Afterlife Lemures and Larvae, by George Thaniel The American Journal of Philology. Vol. 94, No. 2 (Summer, 1973), pp. 182-187

The History of Hutu and Tutsi Conflicts

The History of Hutu and Tutsi Conflicts Hutu and Tutsi are two groups in Africa that became known to most in other parts of the world through the grisly 1994 Rwanda genocide, but the history of conflict between the two ethnic groups reaches back further than that. Generally, the Hutu-Tutsi strife stems from class warfare, with the Tutsis perceived to have greater wealth and social status (as well as favoring cattle ranching over what is seen as the lower-class farming of the Hutus). The Tutsis are thought to have originally come from Ethiopia and arrived after the Hutu came from Chad. Burundi, 1972 The seeds of resentment for the minority Tutsis were sown when the first elections after winning independence in May 1965 saw strong Hutu wins, but the king appointed a Tutsi friend prime minister, sparking a failed coup attempt by Hutus. Even though this was quickly quelled in the capital, it set off additional violence between the two ethnicities in the countryside. In addition, Tutsis, which made up about 15 percent of the population to the 80 percent Hutus, occupied other key government and military positions. On April 27, some Hutu policemen rebelled, killing all Tutsis and Hutus (estimates range from 800 to 1,200 dead) who refused to join the rebellion in the lakeside towns of Rumonge and Nyanza-Lac. The leaders of the rebellion have been described as radicalized Hutu intellectuals who operated out of Tanzania. The Tutsi president, Michel Micombero, responded by declaring martial law and putting the wheels of a Hutu genocide in motion. The first phase virtually wiped out the educated Hutu (by June, nearly 45 percent of teachers were reported missing; students at technical schools were targeted, as well), and by the time the carnage was done in May about 5 percent of the population had been killed: estimates range from 100,000 to up to 300,000 Hutu. Burundi, 1993 The Hutus won the presidential office with banker Melchior Ndadaye, forming the first government since independence from Belgium in 1962 with elections that had been agreed to by the ruling Tutsis, but Ndadaye was assassinated shortly thereafter. The killing of the president threw the country back into turmoil, claiming about 25,000 Tutsi civilians in revenge killings. This sparked killings of Hutu, resulting in a total death toll of about 50,000 over the next several months. The mass killings of the Tutsi wouldnt be called genocide by the United Nations until a 2002 inquiry. Rwanda, 1994Â   In April 1994 Burundian president Cyprien Ntaryamira, a Hutu, and Rwandan president Juvenal Habyarimana, also a Hutu, were killed when their plane was shot down. By this time, tens of thousands of Hutus had fled the Burundi violence into Rwanda. Blame for the assassination has been pointed at both Tutsi and Hutu extremists; current Rwandan President Paul Kagame, who at the time led a Tutsi rebel group, has said that the Hutu extremists conducted the rocket attack to set in motion their long-laid-out plans to wipe out the Tutsis. These genocidal plans were hatched not just at cabinet meetings, but spread in media incitement, and capped a long period of ethnic unrest in Rwanda. Between April and July, some 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus were killed, with a militia group called the Interahamwe taking lead in the slaughter. Sometimes Hutus were forced to kill their Tutsi neighbors; other participants in the genocide were given monetary incentives. The United Nations let the killings go on unabated after 10 Belgian peacekeepers were killed in the early days of the genocide. Democratic Republic of Congo, Post-Rwandan Genocide to the Present Many Hutu militants who participated in the Rwandan genocide fled to the Congo in 1994, setting up encampments in the mountainous areas akin to fiefdoms. In addition, several groups of Hutu fighting the Tutsi-dominated government of Burundi settled in the eastern part of the country. Rwandas Tutsi government has twice invaded with the intention of wiping out the Hutu militants. The Hutu also battle a Tutsi rebel leader, General Laurent Nkunda, and his forces. Up to five million deaths have been caused by the years of fighting in the Congo. The Interahamwe now call themselves the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda and use the country as a staging base to overthrow Kagame in Rwanda. One of the groups commanders told the Daily Telegraph in 2008, We are fighting every day because we are Hutu and they are Tutsis. We cannot mix, we are always in conflict. We will stay enemies forever.

Business risk innovation and change Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business risk innovation and change - Assignment Example This model is based on five critical elements (strategy, structure, process, information technology, people and culture) that can be used by the management ensure that its change initiatives are driven by its strategy (Hoogendoorn, Jonker, Schut &Treur, 2007, p157). The failure by The Corporation to adopt an Expert system can be attributed to failure of the management to focus on three important elements of the organization, which include people, strategy, process and structure. For instance, the organization lacked the right people in the management to promote the project after the two major champions left the organization. Additionally the structure of the organization did not address the issue of power and authority with respect implementation of the expert system project. The Marvin Weisbord Six-Box Organizational Model one can certainly establish the extent to which the management of The Corporation failed in promoting adoption of the Expert system technology (Shapiro, 2010, p16 8). Six-Box Organizational Model is based on six important elements namely: Purposes, structure, relationships, rewards, leadership and helpful mechanism (Raoprasert & Islam, 2010, p47). These elements highly emphasize on a number of organization issues, which include incentives and rewards, internal competition within the organization, organization control, accountability as well as hierarchies (Paton & Mccalman, 2009, p55). From the case study, it is evident that the management failed on four most important elements namely structure, leadership, helpful mechanism and rewards. For instance, the project lacked serious leadership as two key champions - the vice president of development and chief information officer (CIO) left the organization even before the project began and their successors were never committed to the success of the project. Furthermore, majority of the top managers did not honor invitation to meetings set to discuss final approval of the project. John Kotterâ€⠄¢s eight-step change model proposes steps that can bring about lasting transformation through power and motivation adequate enough to mitigate dissent (Kotter & Cohen, 2002, p18). Kotter’s ideology is based on the belief that successful change comes through talking to people’s feelings, commitment and sense of urgency. The proposed 8-steps by Kotter include increase sense of urgency, building the leading team, develop the vision, communicate the vision, empower action, develop short term gains, consolidate gains, and finally anchor new and winning approaches in the culture (Sabri, Gupta & Beitler, 2007, p176). Based on the Kotter’s eight-step change model it is evident that failure of The Corporation to adopt an expert system was a management fault as there was no commitment, stakeholders engagement, strong leadership, and sense of urgency. For instance, after the Tow top pioneers left the organization the project lack strong leadership as new executives were n ever interested in the project. Additionally there was no sense of urgency on the part of the new executives considering that all the meetings that were often scheduled to discuss implementation of the project were never attended by executives. 1. Dunford, Akin and Palmer propose six perspectives Dunford, Akin and Palmer came up with six perspectives of managing change to help managers remain focused

The growth of modern street gangs and police enforcement on gangs Term Paper

The growth of modern street gangs and police enforcement on gangs - Term Paper Example The big concern is that outside the United States, terrorists like al-Qaida are not killing people, but gang violence is killing many people every single day (Larry, 2007). Like most other indicators of criminal activity, gang related homicides decreased in the late 1990s. The trend has reversed itself in the 2000s, however: between 1999 and 2002, gang violence increased by over fifty percent. According to the US Department of justice, there are over thirty thousand criminal gangs with close to a million members in the United States. A street gang refers to any group of people who form an allegiance for a common purpose and engage in violent, unlawful, or criminal activity. The department of justice further estimates that the Los Angeles metropolitan area alone is home to over seven hundred gangs, with over hundred thousand members (Larry 2007). This group is responsible for half of the city’s homicides. Like all other upsurges in violent gang activity over the past several de cades, particularly in the late 1980s, the current increase is closely related to the illegal drug trade and use of firearms to protect the trade. The difference, according to some experts, is that more people are becoming involved in gangs for purely economic reasons, rather than the cultural or territorial motives that have traditionally fuelled gang membership. One in every three gangs runs drug-dealing operations. In addition, some researchers believe that some gangs have superior weapons than most police forces, making it very difficult for the law enforcers to control their activities. Although superior gangs, such as the Bloods, Crips, Latin Kings and Gangster Disciples are still responsible for their share of gang-related criminal activity in the United States, a relative newcomer has gained the attention of the law enforcement community because of its rapid growth and brutality. To escape the violence, thousands of immigrants fled to the United States, particularly to Los A ngeles. Their children found themselves easy prey to the existing local gangs and formed the MS-13 as a protective measure. The gang soon became involved in crime rings of its own, and the authorities responded by deporting the members - and their violent gang culture-en masse back to Central America. A large number of its members now operate in El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, and Mexico, where they have killed thousands of people over the last decade. MS-13, in particular, has gained reputation of attacking the wives and other family members of rivals. In 2003, the El Salvadorian government responded with a legislation, which makes gang membership illegal. Furthermore, as part of operations to eliminate the gang, Salvadoran police gained the freedom to arrest anyone they thought was a gang member, often based on nothing more than suspects clothing and tattoos (Bruce 1999). This legislation led to deadly reactions from the gang in protest. On December 23 2004, some six gang member s boarded a bus in the northern city of San Pedro Sula and killed twenty-eight passengers, including six children, in protest to the crackdown. The law enforcement measures have been very popular with the populace; however, gang activity dropped significant following their implementation. American law enforcement agencies cannot respond with a similar operation. Under most circumstances, the fourth amendment

Role of Public-Private Partnerships in Mixed Economies Coursework

Role of Public-Private Partnerships in Mixed Economies - Coursework Example This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of effective cooperation in a form of PPP between UK government and NATS Holdings Limited, the renowned service provider in the field of air navigation. The perception of mixed economy is principally described as a financial system that comprises a mix of both collectivism and capitalism notions. A capitalist system is primarily based upon personal profits, private ownerships, labours and investments. On the contrary, a socialist arrangement typically involves the financial activities that are regulated as well as controlled publicly by the active engagement of planning councils along with different governmental bodies Mixed economy type generally embraces an amalgamation of private financial freedom and centralised monetary planning along with governmental regulations Certain crucial factors like globalisation, extreme business market competition and internationalisation have ultimately urged the importance of conducting the PPP approach by a significant level. It has been often argued in this regard that public services require becoming more innovative for the purpose of developing the lifestyle of the individuals or the people belonging to this contemporary world and most vitally, to enhance economies of dissimilar nations. One of the innovative practices adopted as well as executed by NATS is conducting the PPP approach with motive of enhancing its financial position. The significant concern of partnership working has become much significant in delivering effectual public services. ... These benefits might include generating greater monetary value, delivering different sorts of projects in an effective as well as timely manner, effectively exploiting the state assets and resources, generating diversity along with innovation especially in the stipulation of public services (RPA, 2008). Furthermore, the other benefits that can be availed from establishing PPP comprise accessing better finance towards private sectors, raising lucidity in the operational procedures while undertaking any sort of project and most vitally delivering superior infrastructure related solutions (Dept of Economic Affairs, 2011). With this concern, this paper intends to analyse a PPP with reference to the example of NATS Holdings Limited applying certain significant aspects grounded on the arguments revealing that pubic services need to be more innovative and the idea concerning partnership working has become much important, especially when concerning the deliverance of effective public service s. A Brief Overview of NATS Holdings Limited NATS Holdings Limited, which was previously acknowledged as National Air Traffic Services, is viewed as one the foremost service providers relating to air navigation in the United Kingdom (UK). The vision of the company has been to become a worldwide leader in the business segment of offering pioneering solutions linked with air-traffic and airport performance as well (NATS Limited, 2013). It has been apparently observed that the business market concerning the services relating to air-traffic is incessantly transforming due to extensive long-term growth in the sector of aviation both nationally and internationally. Thus, it

Improving Supply Chain Performance Of Blood Services

Improving Supply Chain Performance Of Blood Services Blood Banking services is one of the most important operations worldwide. The blood banking service provides the resources for transfusion needed in every medical intervention, whether in peacetime or during war. This paper observes the process of blood banking supply chain, starting with the upstream suppliers of raw material (blood) and down to the downstream consumers of products (hospitals). In the first part of this paper we present an overview of the supply chain of blood banking, and review the relevant research and literature regarding supply chain management of blood banking. In the second part, we select two areas of the supply chain and select key performance indicators (KPIs) that observe the quality of the supply chain of blood banking, from an aspect of service quality and cost control. We set the current levels of these KPIs with relevant information if it is readily available or by extrapolation from historical data where the current levels are unavailable. In the third part, we propose changes to the supply chain to improve the areas of review. These improvements will be indicated by changes in the selected KPIs. Analysis of supply chain performance Corporate Overview Canadian Blood Services (CBS) is the national non-profit organization created to manage the blood supply throughout Canada outside Quebec. Canadian Blood Services operates 41 permanent collection sites and more than 20,000 donor clinics annually (Canadian Blood Services, 2009; British Columbia Ministry of Health Services, 2002). The main products of CBS are Red Blood Cells, Plasma protein products, Platelets and Plasma for transfusion. In 2008 CBS collected 915,858 units of whole blood from 425,000 donors. CBS services provides blood supply services for a population approximately 26,201,377 (Statistics Canada, 2010). Blood Banking Process Overview of CBS The overall process of blood supply is the following: a given geographic region is serviced by a regional blood center (RBC) and smaller community blood centers (CBCs). These are responsible for providing blood products to hospitals. To achieve this, the Blood Centers must plan donor collection at planned locations. Donors are invited to donate blood to donor clinics. To reach a wider donor population, mobile collection units (specialized vehicles) are sent to sites where there are no fixed donor clinics (Pierskalla, 2004.). Depending on the requirements for blood products, the whole blood are collected into appropriate bags are used when drawing blood. The collected whole blood is sent to a CBC or RBC for processing. There, it is tested for viruses and diseases, and final components are prepared from the whole blood. The components are placed into inventory for shipments to hospitals based on their blood product requirements. CBS operates only 41 permanent collection sites/RBC. The supply of blood products is then distributed to hospital blood centers, without community blood centers. The blood products are highly perishable, with shelf life from 5 to 35 days. If a particular component exceeds its maximum shelf life, it must be destroyed. This process is presented on the following figure. Current target of meeting demand is 95% of hospital demand nine months out of twelve. Literature review (Keal and Hebert, 2010) conclude that blood banks must reorganize their mindset and adopt KPIs on a daily basis. Naturally, financial, operations and executive levels may be interested in a different set of indicators. Blood banks need to perform analysis with a much greater frequency then currently performed to become more elastic to demand and changing environment. As a first step, a blood bank needs to identify which issues it needs to address when implementing KPIs. (Jennings, 1973)- Cooperation between is successful in outdate and shortage management is a good choice. Common inventory policy between blood centers reduce the numnber of outdates and shortages by 72% in a 20 blood center cluster, and by 64% for a 5 blood center cluster. Simple threshold transfer policy reduce the numnber of outdates and shortages by 61% in a 20 blood center cluster, and by 54% for a 5 blood center cluster. This operates on a Outdate / Shortage ratio of 1.0 (equal number of shortages and outdates). Simple treshold transfer is much more efficient in transport logistics and costs, as well as information support systems. (Prastacos, 1984) Blood collection is through organized collections, invited donors and walk in donors. No donor should be returned. This variance in collection environemnt dictates very careful selection of Optimal component processing policies to achieve optimal supply of proposed products. Donors react positively to positive reinforcement (rewards, altruism, health checks). The positive reinforcement is a key conclusion of the research of (Oswalt, 1977). (Hemmelmayr et al., 2009)- Discusses that a Vendor-managed inventory (VMI) control for blood products can be extremely efficient, including scenarios of multiple products. (Jones, 2003) Changes to regulation and public events can cause a significant dip in donations and cause blood product shortages. These can be localized, and impact the different regions differently, thus testing the elasticity of the system. Donors react positively to positive reinforcement (rewards, altruism, health checks).The blood donor pool needs to be further researched, since significant number of potential donors are untapped. (Katsaliaki and Brailsford, 2007) – performs a computer simulation model of the blood banking environment end-to-end and concludes that there are room for changes that will improve the overall system state. These changes include changes in stock planning, management of inventory Key Performance Indicators, KPIÂ ´s, are indicators showing what needs to be done in an internal operative perspective. These KPIÂ ´s focus on the parts of an organisations performance that are the most critical to success, both for present time and future. A good KPI affects a number of critical success factors. It also affects other KPIÂ ´s in a positive manner. Parmenter (2007, page 3) Due to Neely et al (2000), each company has to map their way to success through identifying a number of key factors in the process When implementing KPIs, it is of utmost importance that goal measures for every KPI are defined. Shahin and Mahbod (2007) claim that SMART goal setting is a commonly used set of criteria of how to set goals. SMART stands for Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time Sensitive. The service level is the ability for the company to secure delivery to its customers. When calculating the safety stock the service level is used. (Mattsson, 2004, page 160) decrease the holding stock to 4 days, the introduction of two routine deliveries in working hours to better manage orders from the NBS and grouped transport to hospitals, a more insensitive ad-hoc ordering point for RBCs to 35% of the optimal stock level, the reduction of the total crossmatch release period (before and after transfusion) to 1 day, the increase of the transfusion to crossmatch ratio to 70%, either through stricter compliance with the recommended ordering system leading to more accurate orders placed by doctors, or by applyingm ultiple-crossmatchingte chniques, strict adherence of the hospital blood bank when cross-matching units to a FIFO order for units coming from the Centre and LIFO for the unused, returned units from the other wards. In other words, compliance with a FIFO order accordingt o the collection/productiond ate of the unit Analysis of Key Performance Indicators of Procurement The main challenge in the procurement process for blood banks is the supply of the source of all blood products – donors who can vary since donors are volunteers. The supply is further impacted by the list of viruses and diseases that the donations need to be screened for before the products can be used for transfusions (Pierskalla, 2004.). All collected whole blood and blood products are stored in special containers – bags that differ depending on the product they contain. A defective batch of containers delivered from the manufacturer will cause a recall and destruction of an entire batch of collected WBC or entire batches of products. The CBS procurement KPIs that will be investigated are: Percent of RBC shipped vs whole blood collected – This KPI will measure the ratio of of red blood cells shipped to the whole blood collected. From the collected blood, there can be discards due to a variety of reasons (quality control, test results, post-donation information, equipment problems, process non-conformances). This ratio indicates the quality of blood collection and processing. CBS has an average of 79% ratio of this KPI over a 3 year period (Canadian Blood Services, 2009). Number of Blood product recalls per 10,000 collections – This KPI measures the number of blood product recalls once they have been distributed to the hospitals that need to be recalled due to errors, accidents and post-donation information, for every 10,000 blood collections. This ratio is important to since it influences the overall customer satisfaction, and causes costs for the reverse logistics. CBS had the worst recall ratio in 2008, with significant decrease in 2009 (Canadian Blood Services, 2009). Number of Whole blood donors – A very straightforward KPI, which tracks the number of persons that donated whole blood – the upstream suppliers. This KPI needs to be closely followed, since a declining number of donors indicate a very real risk of blood and product shortages since the upstream supply is reducing. CBS historical data for this KPI indicates a varying trend in the past 3 years (Canadian Blood Services, 2009). Number of Units of whole blood collected vs Number of Whole blood donors – This KPI presents the prolificacy of each donor during the year. The average waiting period between donations for a donor is 70 days. This means that at most, a single donor can make 5 donations per year. CBS has this KPI at a very constant 2.17 over the 3 year period (Canadian Blood Services, 2009). Number of blood containers defective per 10,000 units collected- Since the blood procurement process is extremely dependent on the correct and good quality containers –bags. Therefore, a KPI is needed to identify the amount of defective containers, and properly manage the supplier relationship with the suppliers of these containers. CBS has seen the most defective bags are noted in 2008, with a declining trend in 2009. Analysis of Key Performance Indicators of Inventory Management As (Jennings, 1973) concludes, three of the most important measures in inventory management in any blood bank are shortage, outdating and cost. We will review the following KPIs in the CBS model: Number of component indate discards over components produced – The discarded components from inventory within their shelf life are part of the total loss of stock. Recalls for any reasons, as well as defective containers cause indate discards. But indate discards from inventory reduces available inventory, and can impact the carefully planned balance of procurement, stock and distribution. CBS has a trend of reduction of indate discards in stock, which is consistent with the increasing percentage of delivery of products to collected blood units. Number of outdated components to total components in inventory – Since blood products are extremely perishable, there is no opportunity to keep a stock of blood products for any long period of time unless they are cryofrozen (out of scope of this paper). The outdated components are the stock of products that have not been used before their shelf life has passed. This KPI is crucial in tracking the expiry of products (and conversely money) due to poor planning. CBS is reducing the outdated products and bringing it to 2.5% at an annual level. Cost per blood product unit shipped – Since everything is about cost reduction or customer support, this ratio is crucial for cost management. Every step in the blood banking process is very expensive, and the tracking of this KPI is important for top management, as well as the logistics manager. As can be seen in the diagram, this KPI for CBS is showing increasing costs (Canadian Blood Services, 2009; British Columbia Ministry of Health Services, 2002) Percent of Order fill rate, by blood product type – This KPI directly tracks the downstream supply chain service quality. The percent of order fill rate is in essence the achieved service level for each type of product. total blood requests, by type of blood product (red blood cells, platelets etc.). CBS sees a reduction of the service level for order fulfillment in the 3 year period (Canadian Blood Services, 2009). Proposed Changes for Improving Performance After reviewing the KPIs of the two processes of interest, certain trends are identified that need to be analyzed and remedial action be taken. Each of these KPIs will require a logistic effort. Procurement The procurement process of Blood Banking supply chain was observed through 5 KPIs and it was identified that 3 are indicating positive trend. The other 2 KPIs are indicating negative trends that need to be treat: Increasing units of whole blood collected per donor, which indicates reduced motivation of the supply sources. The positive donor motivation should be returned only through positive reinforcement. (Prastacos, 1984; Oswalt, 1977). In logistics terms this would mean more equipment, human resources, marketing material and constant communication with donor relationship teams to provide necessary resources. Number of blood containers defective is widely varying. Most organisations monitor their suppliers to make sure that they continue to give satisfactory service. This is called supplier rating or vendor rating (Waters, 2003) Multiple suppliers and very frequent tracking of this KPI (weekly level) (Keal and Hebert, 2010) so proper remedial action can be taken . FIFO/LIFO Inventory Management The inventory management process of Blood Banking supply chain was observed through 4 KPIs. While 2 KPIs indicate good trends and successful operation, the other 2 indicate serious issues that need to be remedied. The main actions that need to be taken from the investigated KPIs are: Increasing order fill rate. The following diagram presents the overall service level of CBS for order fill rate. It can be concluded that the overall service level (product of service levels of the three products) is steadily declining. The safety stock needs to be increased on all three products to include (Ballou, 2004; Waters, 2003) Trans-Shipment for grouped Stock Centers (Jennings, 1973) and re-use of returned indate products (Katsaliaki and Brailsford, 2007) Vendor Managed Inventory for hospitals (Hemmelmayr et al., 2009) Controlling cost per blood product unit. There is a consistent trend of increasing cost of blood product unit. The cost breakdown in Appendix C shows that the major cost elements are the blood collections and distribution, consisting of 50% of all costs (excluding administration). Since the best positions for cost reduction are at the point of contact between supply chain partners (Waters, 2003), these exact points should be investigated for cost reduction. Conclusion Blood Banking is operating the supply of a key component of life – blood and bood products. It is considered a crucial service for any country, and is even treated as a big business in some countries. The logistical issues of blood banking are many on every level, since blood banking must achieve very fast delivery of products, and any stock-outs may mean loss of human life. This is further Through adoption of KPI tracking throughout the processes of blood banking, a blood service like Canadian Blood Services (CBS) can achieve a very quick reaction time to adverse indications of deficiencies in the process. The procurement process has logistical issues that need to be followed by the logistician in the area of donor treatment, which is an activity that will be performed in coordination with Marketing. A more pressing issue is the management and tracking of quality of blood containers and their suppliers, since a faulty series of containers will cause product recalls, stock-outs and financial losses. The inventory management process as a first priority must focus on achieving an much better overall service level of order fill rate than the current one. The service level needs to be increased by a higher safety stock, but since only increasing the safety stock is costly, a trans-shipment of products between centers need to be performed. Also, this service level can be improved by agreeing on a Vendor Managed Inventory with the hospitals. The other issue is cost of blood product management, through optimizing the process which requires most logistics – blood collections. An optimized process of blood collections which can reduce costs of that process by 10% will show significant improvement of the cost of blood product.